Ornithophily in the trumpet creeper ().

The diversification of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has shaped the pollination strategies and floral trait evolution in at least 68 families of flowering plants in the Western Hemisphere. The trumpet creeper (Bignoniaceae) is the quintessential example of ornithophily in eastern North America. The mutualistic relationship between this orange-flowered liana and the ruby-throated hummingbird () was illustrated as early as 1731. However, neither historical nor modern accounts accurately describe the feeding behavior of ruby-throats at trumpet creeper flowers or the floral adaptations for ornithophily. This paper explores their surprisingly immersive mode of foraging at trumpet creeper flowers and quantitatively assesses floral traits in two populations in the Ozark Mountains. The ruby-throat's bill is approximately one-third the length of the trumpet-shaped flowers, which counters the tendency for the corolla length of ornithophilous plants to match the bill length of their principal hummingbird pollinator. To access the nectary, ruby-throats grasp or cling to the ventral petal lobe of the corolla with their claws and thrust their head and upper body into the flower. This immersive "floral-diving" had not been formally documented among the 356 species of hummingbirds until now. The didynamous anthers and stigma are strategically positioned inside the corolla to brush the crown feathers when the ruby-throat inserts its head. A narrow stricture in the corolla, about a third of the way up, allows the bill and tongue of hummingbirds to pass while blocking bumblebees and carpenter bees from reaching the nectary. As a result, the abundant sucrose-rich floral nectar seems to be reserved for hummingbird pollinators.