Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
Research and Development Center, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Aquat Toxicol. 2024 Nov;276:107088. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107088. Epub 2024 Sep 7.
Global warming due to climate change, as well as freshwater eutrophication caused by anthropogenic activities are responsible, among other factors, for an increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in aquatic systems. These can lead to the generation of cyanotoxins, secondary metabolites coming from cyanobacteria, producing adverse effects in living organisms including death. This research aims to study the effects that two neurotoxins, anatoxin-a (ATX-a) and saxitoxin (STX), have on living organisms. Once the stability of both compounds in water was determined for a 24 h period using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS), zebrafish larvae were exposed to different levels of toxins (1 ng L, 10 ng L, 100 ng L and 1 μg L) during 24 h. Behavioral studies including vibrational startle response (VSR), habituation to vibrational stimuli, basal locomotor activity (BLM) and visual motor response (VMR) were performed using Danio Vision system, and neurotransmitters (NTs) from 15-head pools of control and exposed zebrafish larvae were extracted and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Both compounds induced hypolocomotion in the individuals, while 10 and 100 ng L of ATX-a significantly increased methionine (120 % and 126 %, respectively) and glutamate levels (118 % and 129 %, respectively). Saxitoxin enhanced 3-metoxytyramine (3-MT) levels at 1 ng L by 185 %. The findings of this study show that both studied cyanotoxins influence the behavior of zebrafish larvae as well as their metabolism.
由于气候变化导致的全球变暖以及人为活动引起的淡水富营养化等因素，水生系统中有害藻类大量繁殖（HABs）的情况越来越多。这些藻类会产生蓝藻毒素，这是一种来自蓝藻的次生代谢物，会对包括人类在内的生物体产生不良影响，甚至导致死亡。本研究旨在研究两种神经毒素，即anatoxin-a（ATX-a）和石房蛤毒素（STX）对生物体的影响。使用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪（UPLC-MS/MS）测定了这两种化合物在水中 24 小时内的稳定性，然后将斑马鱼幼鱼暴露于不同浓度的毒素（1ng/L、10ng/L、100ng/L 和 1μg/L）24 小时。使用 Danio Vision 系统进行了振动惊跳反应（VSR）、振动刺激习惯化、基础运动活动（BLM）和视觉运动反应（VMR）等行为研究，从对照组和暴露组的 15 头斑马鱼幼鱼的 15 头鱼脑中提取神经递质（NTs），并使用 UPLC-MS/MS 进行分析。这两种化合物都导致个体运动减少，而 10ng/L 和 100ng/L 的 ATX-a 分别显著增加了蛋氨酸（分别增加 120%和 126%）和谷氨酸水平（分别增加 118%和 129%）。1ng/L 的石房蛤毒素使 3-甲氧基酪胺（3-MT）水平增加了 185%。本研究结果表明，这两种研究的蓝藻毒素都会影响斑马鱼幼鱼的行为和代谢。
