Emerging hazardous chemicals and biological pollutants in Canadian aquatic systems and remediation approaches: A comprehensive status report.

Emerging contaminants can be natural or synthetic materials, as well as materials of a chemical, or biological origin; these materials are typically not controlled or monitored in the environment. Canada is home to nearly 7 % of the world's renewable water supply and a wide range of different kinds of water systems, including the Great Lake, rivers, canals, gulfs, and estuaries. Although the majority of these pollutants are present in trace amounts (μg/L - ng/L concentrations), several studies have reported their detrimental impact on both human health and the biota. In Canadian aquatic environments, concentrations of pharmaceuticals (as high as 115 μg/L), pesticides (as high as 1.95 μg/L), bioavailable heavy metals like dissolved mercury (as high as 135 ng/L), and hydrocarbon/crude oil spills (as high as 4.5 million liters) have been documented. Biological threats such as genetic materials of the contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus have been reported in the provinces of Québec, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces, as well as in the Nunavut territory, with a need for more holistic research. These toxins and emerging pollutants are associated with nefarious short and long-term health effects, with the potential for bioaccumulation in the environment. Hence, this Canadian-focused report provides the footprints for water and environmental sustainability, in light of this emerging threat to the environment and society. Several remediation pathways/tools that have been explored by Canadian researchers, existing challenges and prospects are also discussed. The review concludes with preventive measures and strategies for managing the inventory of emerging contaminants in the environment.