Adaptations to cationic biocide exposure differentially influence virulence factors and pathogenicity in .

Cationic biocides (CBs), which include quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), are employed to mitigate the spread of infectious bacteria, but resistance to such surface disinfectants is rising. CB exposure can have profound phenotypic implications that extend beyond allowing microorganisms to persist on surfaces. is a deadly bacterial pathogen that is intrinsically tolerant to a wide variety of antimicrobials and is commonly spread in healthcare settings. In this study, we pursued resistance selection assays to the QAC benzalkonium chloride and quaternary phosphonium compound P6P-10,10 to assess the phenotypic effects of CB exposure in PAO1 and four genetically diverse, drug-resistant clinical isolates. In particular, we sought to examine how CB exposure affects defensive strategies and the virulence-associated "offensive" strategies in . We demonstrated that development of resistance to BAC is associated with increased production of virulence-associated pigments and alginate as well as pellicle formation. In an infection model, CB-resistant PAO1 exhibited a decreased level of virulence compared to wild type, potentially due to an observed fitness cost in these strains. Taken together, these results illustrate the significant consequence CB resistance exerts on the virulence-associated phenotypes of