Mathematical Models of Ocular Drug Delivery.

Drug delivery is an important factor for the success of ocular drug treatment. However, several physical, biochemical, and flow-related barriers limit drug exposure of anterior and posterior ocular target tissues during drug treatment via topical, subconjunctival, intravitreal, or systemic routes. Mathematical models encompass various barriers so that their joint influence on pharmacokinetics (PKs) can be simulated in an integrated fashion. The models are useful in predicting PKs and even pharmacodynamics (PDs) of administered drugs thereby fostering development of new drug molecules and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the models are potentially useful in interspecies translation and probing of disease effects on PKs. In this review article, we introduce current modeling methods (noncompartmental analyses, compartmental and physiologically based PK models, and finite element models) in ocular PKs and related drug delivery. The roles of top-down models and bottom-up simulations are discussed. Furthermore, we present some future challenges, such as modeling of intra-tissue distribution, prediction of drug responses, quantitative systems pharmacology, and possibilities of artificial intelligence.