Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1461:253-265. doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-4584-5_18.
Thermal adaptation to environmental temperature is a driving force in animal evolution. This chapter presents thermal adaptation in ectotherms and endotherms from the perspective of developmental biology. In ectotherms, there are known examples of temperature influencing morphological characteristics, such as seasonal color change, melanization, and sex determination. Furthermore, the timing of embryonic development also varies with environmental temperature. This review will introduce the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent embryogenesis. The evolution of thermal adaptation in endotherms is also important for survival in cold climates. Recent genome-wide studies have revealed adaptive mutations in the genomes of extant humans as well as extinct species such as woolly mammoths and Neanderthals. These studies have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in physiologically related genes (e.g., CPT1A, LRP5, THATA, PRKG1, and FADS1-3) allow humans to live in cold climates. At the end of this chapter, we present the remaining questions in terms of genetic assimilation, heat shock protein Hsp90, and embryonic development.
热环境适应是动物进化的驱动力。本章从发育生物学的角度介绍了变温动物和恒温动物的热适应。在变温动物中，已知温度会影响形态特征，例如季节性颜色变化、黑化和性别决定。此外，胚胎发育的时间也随环境温度而变化。本综述将介绍温度依赖性胚胎发生的细胞和分子机制。恒温动物的热适应进化对于在寒冷气候中生存也很重要。最近的全基因组研究揭示了现存人类以及已灭绝物种（如猛犸象和尼安德特人）基因组中的适应性突变。这些研究表明，生理相关基因（如 CPT1A、LRP5、THATA、PRKG1 和 FADS1-3）中的单核苷酸多态性使人类能够生活在寒冷的气候中。在本章的最后，我们提出了关于遗传同化、热休克蛋白 Hsp90 和胚胎发育的剩余问题。
