Identification of a transcription factor network regulating anti-TNF mediated expression in human CD4+ T cells.

CD4+ T cells are key players in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) through the production of inflammatory mediators including tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Anti-TNF therapy has revolutionized the treatment of several IMIDs and we previously demonstrated that treatment of human CD4+ T cells with anti-TNF promotes anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression in multiple subpopulations of CD4+ T cells. Here we investigated the transcriptional mechanisms underlying the IL-10 induction by TNF-blockade in CD4+ T cells, isolated from PBMCs of healthy volunteers, stimulated for 3 days with anti-CD3/CD28 mAb in the absence or presence of anti-TNF. After culture, CD45RA+ cells were depleted before performing gene expression profiling and chromatin accessibility analysis. Gene expression analysis of CD45RA-CD4+ T cells showed a distinct anti-TNF specific gene signature of 183 genes (-value < 0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed multiple pathways related to cytokine signalling and regulation of cytokine production; in particular, was the most upregulated gene by anti-TNF, while the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines , , , and were significantly downregulated (-value < 0.05). Transcription factor motif analysis at the differentially open chromatin regions, after anti-TNF treatment, revealed 58 transcription factor motifs enriched at the locus. We identified seven transcription factor candidates for the anti-TNF mediated regulation of IL-10, which were either differentially expressed or whose locus was differentially accessible upon anti-TNF treatment. Correlation analysis between the expression of these transcription factors and suggests a role for , , and/or in regulating expression in CD4+ T cells upon anti-TNF treatment.