Primary antibody deficiencies.

Primary antibody deficiencies are characterized by the inability to effectively produce antibodies and may involve defects in B-cell development or maturation. Primary antibody deficiencies can occur at any age, depending on the disease pathology. Certain primary antibody deficiencies affect males and females equally, whereas others affect males more often. Patients typically present with recurrent sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal infections, and some patients can experience an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Multidisciplinary collaboration is important in the management of patients with primary antibody deficiencies because these patients require heightened monitoring for atopic, autoimmune, and malignant comorbidities and complications. The underlying genetic defects associated with many primary antibody deficiencies have been discovered, but, in some diseases, the underlying genetic defect and inheritance are still unknown. The diagnosis of primary antibody deficiencies is often made through the evaluation of immunoglobulin levels, lymphocyte levels, and antibody responses. A definitive diagnosis is obtained through genetic testing, which offers specific management options and may inform future family planning. Treatment varies but generally includes antibiotic prophylaxis, vaccination, and immunoglobulin replacement. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also an option for certain primary antibody deficiencies.