Bhat Ishfaq Ahmad, Dey Bishwajyoti
Department of Physics, <a href="https://ror.org/044g6d731">Savitribai Phule Pune University</a>, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
Phys Rev E. 2024 Aug;110(2-1):024208. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.110.024208.
In this paper, we numerically investigate the vortex nucleation in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in a double-well potential and subjected to a density-dependent gauge potential. A rotating Bose-Einstein condensate, when confined in a double-well potential, not only gives rise to visible vortices but also produces hidden vortices. We have empirically developed Feynman's rule for the number of vortices versus angular momentum in Bose-Einstein condensates in the presence of density-dependent gauge potentials. The variation of the average angular momentum with the number of vortices is also sensitive to the nature of the nonlinear rotation due to the density-dependent gauge potentials. The empirical result agrees well with the numerical simulations and the connection is verified by means of curve-fitting analysis. The modified Feynman rule is further confirmed for the BECs confined in harmonic and toroidal traps. In addition, we show the nucleation of vortices in double-well and toroidally confined Bose-Einstein condensates solely through nonlinear rotations (without any trap rotation) arising through the density-dependent gauge potential.
在本文中，我们对被困于双阱势且受到密度依赖规范势作用的玻色 - 爱因斯坦凝聚体（BEC）中的涡旋成核进行了数值研究。一个旋转的玻色 - 爱因斯坦凝聚体，当被限制在双阱势中时，不仅会产生可见涡旋，还会产生隐藏涡旋。我们通过实验得出了在存在密度依赖规范势的情况下，玻色 - 爱因斯坦凝聚体中涡旋数量与角动量之间的费曼规则。由于密度依赖规范势，平均角动量随涡旋数量的变化对非线性旋转的性质也很敏感。实验结果与数值模拟吻合良好，并通过曲线拟合分析验证了两者之间的联系。对于限制在谐波和环形陷阱中的玻色 - 爱因斯坦凝聚体，修正后的费曼规则得到了进一步证实。此外，我们展示了仅通过由密度依赖规范势引起的非线性旋转（无任何陷阱旋转），在双阱和环形限制的玻色 - 爱因斯坦凝聚体中涡旋的成核过程。
