The Pennsylvania State University, State College, University Park, PA, USA.
Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Eur Psychiatry. 2024 Sep 19;67(1):e52. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1772.
Hungarians exhibit more negative attitudes toward help-seeking for mental health problems compared to other European countries. However, research on help-seeking in Hungary is limited, and it is unclear how stigma relates to help-seeking when considering demographic and clinical characteristics. We used a network analytic approach to simulate a stigma model using hypothesized constructs in a sizable sample of Hungarian adults.
Participants were 345 adults recruited from nine primary care offices across Hungary. Participants completed self-report measures assessing public stigma, self-stigma, experiential avoidance (EA), attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, anxiety, depression, demographics, prior use of mental health services, and whether they have a family member or friend with a mental health condition.
EA and anxiety were the most central nodes in the network. The network also revealed associations between greater EA with greater public stigma, anxiety, depression, and having a family member or friend with a mental health condition. More positive attitudes toward seeking help were associated with lower self-stigma, public stigma, and having received psychological treatment in their lifetime. Being female was associated with lower income, higher education, and having received psychological treatment in their lifetime. Finally, having a family member or friend with a mental health condition was associated with having received psychological treatment in their lifetime and greater public stigma.
The strength centrality and associations of EA with clinical covariates and public stigma implicate its importance in stigma models. Findings also suggest that while some aspects of existing stigma models are retained in countries like Hungary, other aspects may diverge.
与其他欧洲国家相比，匈牙利人对寻求心理健康问题的帮助表现出更多的消极态度。然而，匈牙利对寻求帮助的研究有限，而且在考虑人口统计学和临床特征时，尚不清楚耻辱感与寻求帮助之间的关系。我们使用网络分析方法，在一个相当大的匈牙利成年人样本中模拟了一个基于假设结构的耻辱感模型。
参与者是从匈牙利的九个初级保健办公室招募的 345 名成年人。参与者完成了自我报告的措施，评估公众的耻辱感、自我耻辱感、体验性回避（EA）、对寻求专业心理帮助的态度、焦虑、抑郁、人口统计学、先前使用心理健康服务的情况，以及他们是否有家庭成员或朋友有心理健康状况。
EA 和焦虑是网络中最中心的节点。该网络还揭示了 EA 与更大的公众耻辱感、焦虑、抑郁和有家庭成员或朋友有心理健康状况之间的关联。对寻求帮助的更积极态度与较低的自我耻辱感、公众耻辱感和一生中接受过心理治疗有关。女性与较低的收入、较高的教育水平和一生中接受过心理治疗有关。最后，有家庭成员或朋友有心理健康状况与一生中接受过心理治疗和更大的公众耻辱感有关。
EA 的强度中心性和与临床协变量和公众耻辱感的关联表明了其在耻辱感模型中的重要性。研究结果还表明，虽然一些现有耻辱感模型的方面在像匈牙利这样的国家中得到保留，但其他方面可能会有所不同。
