Synergistic effects of microplastics and cyanotoxins on the demography of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.

Plastic contamination in aquatic ecosystems all around the world is on the rise. Microplastics (MPs) interfere with the ecological functions of different aquatic animals, including zooplankton. Other contaminants can also be transported by microplastics, resulting in higher toxicity. Here, we evaluated the effect of microplastics alone and in combination with cyanotoxins (CT) on the demographic and feeding responses of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. The microplastics used were polystyrene spheres of 30 μm diameter. The cyanobacteria were obtained from a sample collected from the Valle de Bravo reservoir in Central Mexico, and the secondary metabolites were obtained after 5 cycles of freezing, thawing and sonication. We conducted acute (LC, 24h bioassay) and chronic toxicity tests involving population growth, life table experiments, and feeding experiments. The LC value using microplastics was 21.91 mg/L, and for the cyanobacterial crude extract it was 2.56 μg/L, but the combination of both resulted in a higher adverse effect (16.64 mg/L) due to the microplastics. Rotifer survival, reproduction, and feeding decreased in the presence of either MPs or CT but the adverse effect was more in the presence of both contaminants. We found that the adverse effects of MPs and CT on the test rotifer species were enhanced when exposed to both contaminants simultaneously.