Waste Treatment Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
Waste Treatment Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Nov;370:122374. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122374. Epub 2024 Sep 19.
Gallium (Ga) recovery from the red mud, though important has never been successful due to several technical and economic reasons such as contaminant interference and the high cost of membranes due to their faster saturation resulting in the clogging of membranes with contaminants. This study demonstrated the recovery of Ga by a combination of HCl-based leaching, Fe/Al/Ti separation, and recovery of Ga using Cyphos IL 104-based solvent extraction and complexation of Ga with desferrioxamine B as a proof-of-principle of the GaLIophore technology. The main leaching parameters such as concentrations of acids, time and temperature of the reaction, and solid-to-liquid ratio have been systematically investigated. The optimal leaching conditions were determined as 4 mol/L HCl, 2 h time, 80 °C temperature, and solid-to-liquid ratio 1:20 (g/mL) attaining a more than 90% leaching of Ga. Subsequently, more than 99% Ga was extracted from the leachate using 0.05 mol/L Cyphos IL 104 at A:O ratio 1 and stripped by 0.01 mol/L HSO at O:A ratio 1 from the organic phase. Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) demonstrated selectivity by complexing with more than 90% Ga in a stripped solution. The interaction between extractable species of Ga and Cyphos IL 104 was studied by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and infrared spectroscopy. The whole process demonstrated the recovery of Ga by more than 80% present in the red mud. Further, the preliminary economic analysis suggests that the process can be profitable when Fe, Al, Sc, and Ga are recovered at a minimum rate of 50, 50, 75, and 75%.
从赤泥中回收镓虽然很重要，但由于污染物干扰和膜的高成本等技术和经济原因，一直未能成功，这是由于膜的更快饱和导致污染物堵塞膜。本研究通过 HCl 基浸出、Fe/Al/Ti 分离以及使用 Cyphos IL 104 基溶剂萃取和与去铁胺 B 络合回收 Ga 的组合，展示了 Ga 的回收，作为 GaLIophore 技术的原理验证。系统研究了主要浸出参数，如酸的浓度、反应时间和温度、固液比等。确定的最佳浸出条件为 4 mol/L HCl、2 h 时间、80°C 温度和固液比 1:20（g/mL），Ga 的浸出率超过 90%。随后，使用 0.05 mol/L Cyphos IL 104 在 A:O 比为 1 从浸出液中提取超过 99%的 Ga，并用 0.01 mol/L HSO 在 O:A 比为 1 从有机相中反萃。去铁胺 B（DFOB）通过与洗脱液中超过 90%的 Ga 络合表现出选择性。通过密度泛函理论（DFT）计算和红外光谱研究了 Ga 的可萃取物种与 Cyphos IL 104 之间的相互作用。整个过程展示了从赤泥中回收超过 80%的 Ga。此外，初步的经济分析表明，当以最低回收率 50、50、75 和 75%回收 Fe、Al、Sc 和 Ga 时，该过程可以盈利。
