Insights into the interactions of plant-associated bacteria and their role in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from soil to plant.

This study discussed the role of plant-associated microbiome in regulating ARG transfer in soil-plant systems. Results showed that target ARGs in plants were mainly derived from rhizosphere soil. Cooperative interactions among bacteria in rhizosphere soil, plant-roots, plant-shoots, and soil-roots-shoots systems occurred during ARG transfer. The number of modules and keystone taxa identified as positively correlated with ARG transfer in rhizosphere soil, roots, and shoots was 3 and 49, 3 and 41, 2 and 5, respectively. Among these modules, module 3 in roots was significantly positively correlated with module 3 in rhizosphere soils and module 2 in shoots, indicating that module 3 in roots played central hub roles in ARG transfer from rhizosphere soil to roost and shoots. This may be because module 3 in roots increased cell motility and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. These keystone taxa mainly belonged to Proteobacteria that can carry ARGs to transfer in soil-plant systems, especially Clostridium-sensu_stricito and Pseudomonas in rhizosphere soil carried ARGs into the shoot. Additionally, they promoted ARG transfer by increasing plant biomass, net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. The findings helped reveal the mechanism of plant-associated bacterial interactions and provided understanding for potential risks of ARG transfer from soil to plants.