Shang Ming, Gao Yongchao, Zheng Liwen, Ji Lei, Du Jianhua, Kong Xue, Wang Hui, Shi Feng, Wang Hailun, Liu Jianhui, Yang Xiaodong, Wang Zeyu
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China.
WSP Australia Pty Limited, Level 3, Mia Yellagonga Tower 2, 5 Spring Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
Microorganisms. 2025 Mar 6;13(3):610. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13030610.
Livestock wastewater reuse could be a potential source for the distribution of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soil. In this study, soil samples were collected from different depths (0-60 cm) of farmland that has been subjected to long-term application of livestock wastewater. The vertical distribution of antibiotics, bacterial communities, and ARGs were assessed to identify the driving factors that could potentially influence the distribution of ARB and ARGs. The results demonstrated distinguished distributions of antibiotics along the soil depths, with tetracyclines (TCs) mainly found in the top 10 cm of the soil (0.11-0.31 μg/kg), while quinolones (QNs), sulfonamides (SAs), and macrolides (MLs) were detected in all 60 cm of soil depth (0.01-0.22 μg/kg). The selection pressure of antibiotics to microorganisms led to the proliferation of ARB, especially tetracycline-resistant bacteria and erythromycin-resistant bacteria. In terms of the distribution/abundance of ARGs, and (58) were relatively higher in 0-10 cm surface soil, while and were mainly detected in the deeper soil. Different ARGs may have the same host bacteria, which lead to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, such as sp., sp., sp., and sp. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and moisture content (MC) could affect the distribution and proliferation of ARB and were found negatively correlated with most of the ARGs except . Therefore, it is potentially possible to eliminate/inhibit the spread of ARGs by adjusting these soil parameters. These findings provide insights into the distribution and dissemination of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in agricultural practices of livestock wastewater irrigation and provide effective mitigation strategies to ensure the safe use of livestock wastewater in agriculture.
畜禽废水回用可能是抗生素、抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARG）在农业土壤中传播的一个潜在来源。在本研究中，从长期施用畜禽废水的农田不同深度（0 - 60厘米）采集土壤样本。评估了抗生素、细菌群落和ARG的垂直分布，以确定可能影响ARB和ARG分布的驱动因素。结果表明，抗生素沿土壤深度呈现出明显的分布差异，四环素类（TCs）主要存在于土壤表层10厘米处（0.11 - 0.31微克/千克），而喹诺酮类（QNs）、磺胺类（SAs）和大环内酯类（MLs）在60厘米的土壤深度中均有检出（0.01 - 0.22微克/千克）。抗生素对微生物的选择压力导致了ARB的增殖，尤其是四环素抗性细菌和红霉素抗性细菌。就ARG的分布/丰度而言， 和 （58）在0 - 10厘米表层土壤中相对较高，而 和 主要在较深土壤中检测到。不同的ARG可能具有相同的宿主细菌，这导致了多重耐药菌的出现，如 菌属、 菌属、 菌属和 菌属。土壤pH值、电导率（EC）和含水量（MC）会影响ARB的分布和增殖，并且发现除 外，它们与大多数ARG呈负相关。因此，通过调整这些土壤参数有可能消除/抑制ARG的传播。这些发现为畜禽废水灌溉农业实践中抗生素、ARB和ARG的分布与传播提供了见解，并提供了有效的缓解策略，以确保畜禽废水在农业中的安全使用。
