Enhanced surface activation of ground tire rubber via the radiolysis of water for effective rubber recycling.

In this study, we examined the chemical changes occurring in ground tire rubber (GTR) and on its surface as a result of gamma irradiation in water, with low doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 kGy. To better distinguish the changes the radiation caused in the GTR and the surface activation of the GTR caused by the irradiated water, we also performed radiation treatments in an inert atmosphere. We mixed the treated GTRs with fresh rubber, and after vulcanization, investigated the mechanical properties and conducted dose optimization. The chemical changes occurring in GTR were characterized by Soxhlet-extraction and cross-link density measurements. Changes on the surface were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In water irradiation, cross-link density decreased (∼10 %), while in an inert atmosphere, new bonds formed between the chains (∼10 %), with negligible degradation (∼2 %) in both cases. Based on the FTIR spectra, new oxygen-containing groups appeared on the GTR surface in water treatment, while this was not observed in a nitrogen atmosphere. The increase in surface oxygen content was confirmed by XPS, showing a ∼10 % increase as a result of water treatment, while it remained unchanged in the inert atmosphere. We achieved a 30 % increase in tensile strength (5 kGy) without a decrease in elongation properties and a 32 % increase in tear strength (20 kGy) for vulcanizates containing surface-activated GTR. Mechanical properties did not improve with treatments in an inert atmosphere. The oxidizing agents formed during the radiolysis of water activated the surface of the GTR, helping to establish a better connection with the matrix.