Bacteriophage as a potential biotherapeutics to combat present-day crisis of multi-drug resistant pathogens.

The rise of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens to most, if not all, currently available antibacterial agents has become a global threat. As a consequence of the antibiotic resistance epidemic, phage therapy has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics. Despite the high therapeutic advantages of phage therapy, they have not yet been successfully used in the clinic due to various limitations of narrow host specificity compared to antibiotics, poor adhesion on biofilm surface, and susceptibility to both human and bacterial defences. This review focuses on the antibacterial effect of bacteriophage and their recent clinical trials with a special emphasis on the underlying mechanism of lytic phage action with the help of endolysin and holin. Furthermore, recent clinical trials of natural and modified endolysins and some marketed products have also been emphasized with future prospective.