Role of DNA Double-Strand Break Formation in Gyrase Inhibitor-Mediated Killing of Nonreplicating Persistent in Caseum.

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality by infectious agents worldwide. The necrotic debris, known as caseum, which accumulates in the center of pulmonary lesions and cavities is home to nonreplicating drug-tolerant that presents a significant hurdle to achieving a fast and durable cure. Fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin are highly effective at killing this nonreplicating persistent bacterial population and boosting TB lesion sterilization. Fluoroquinolones target bacterial DNA gyrase, which catalyzes the negative supercoiling of DNA and relaxes supercoils ahead of replication forks. In this study, we investigated the potency of several other classes of gyrase inhibitors against in different states of replication. In contrast to fluoroquinolones, many other gyrase inhibitors kill only replicating bacterial cultures but produce negligible cidal activity against in ex vivo rabbit caseum. We demonstrate that while these inhibitors are capable of inhibiting gyrase DNA supercoiling activity, fluoroquinolones are unique in their ability to cleave double-stranded DNA at low micromolar concentrations. We hypothesize that double-strand break formation is an important driver of gyrase inhibitor-mediated bactericidal potency against nonreplicating persistent populations in the host. This study provides general insight into the lesion sterilization potential of different gyrase inhibitor classes and informs the development of more effective chemotherapeutic options against persistent mycobacterial infections.