Response of aerobic granular sludge to salinity fluctuations in formation, stability and microbial community structures.

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) exhibits excellent resistance to adverse environment due to its unique layered structure. However, the mechanism about how salinity fluctuations in municipal wastewater impact AGS formation and its physicochemical properties has not been thoroughly revealed. In this study, AGS was cultivated under additional 0 % salinity (R1), additional 1.5 % constant salinity (R2), and additional 0-1.5 % fluctuant salinity (R3), respectively. The results indicate that increased salinity can enhance extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and improve sludge settleability, thereby facilitate AGS formation. However, the AGS experienced frequent environmental conversion between dehydration and swell due to salinity fluctuations, resulting in higher content of loosely-bond EPS and low settleability, which delayed the maturation of AGS for over 14 days. Additional salinity significantly inhibited the nitrification process, but the formation of AGS promoted the recovery of ammonia oxidation activity and facilitated the construction of short-range nitrification denitrification processes, resulting in over 16.0 % higher total nitrogen removal efficiency than R1. The microbial community analysis revealed that Thauera played an important role in the granulation process under salinity stress, due to its salt tolerance and EPS secretion abilities. As expected, the formation of AGS enhanced the salt resistance of microorganisms, allowing for the enrichment of functional bacteria, such as Flavobacterium and Candidatus_Competibacter. Generally, microorganisms required extended adaptation periods to cope with salinity fluctuations. Nevertheless, the resulting AGS proved stable and efficient wastewater treatment performance.