Deng Xiaoyi, Yu Yanxun V, Jin Youngnam N
Department of Neurology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Cell Death Discov. 2024 Sep 27;10(1):412. doi: 10.1038/s41420-024-02185-y.
Translation is a decoding process that synthesizes proteins from RNA, typically mRNA. The conventional translation process consists of four stages: initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling. Precise control over the translation mechanism is crucial, as dysregulation in this process is often linked to human diseases such as cancer. Recent discoveries have unveiled translation mechanisms that extend beyond typical well-characterized components like the mG cap, poly(A)-tail, or translation factors like eIFs. These mechanisms instead utilize atypical elements, such as non-canonical ORF, mA-modification, and circular RNA, as key components for protein synthesis. Collectively, these mechanisms are classified as non-canonical translations. It is increasingly clear that non-canonical translation mechanisms significantly impact the various regulatory pathways of cancer, including proliferation, tumorigenicity, and the behavior of cancer stem cells. This review explores the involvement of a variety of non-canonical translation mechanisms in cancer biology and provides insights into potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
翻译是一个从RNA（通常是mRNA）合成蛋白质的解码过程。传统的翻译过程包括四个阶段：起始、延伸、终止和核糖体循环。对翻译机制的精确控制至关重要，因为这一过程中的失调往往与癌症等人类疾病有关。最近的发现揭示了一些翻译机制，这些机制超越了典型的、特征明确的元件，如mG帽、聚腺苷酸尾，或像真核起始因子（eIFs）这样的翻译因子。相反，这些机制利用非典型元件，如非经典开放阅读框、N6-甲基腺苷（mA）修饰和环状RNA，作为蛋白质合成的关键组分。总的来说，这些机制被归类为非经典翻译。越来越明显的是，非经典翻译机制显著影响癌症的各种调控途径，包括增殖、致瘤性和癌症干细胞的行为。这篇综述探讨了多种非经典翻译机制在癌症生物学中的作用，并为癌症治疗的潜在策略提供了见解。
