Thrombotic Complications in Pediatric Cancer.

Thromboembolism (TE) complicates the course of pediatric cancer in a considerable number of cases. Cancer-related TE is attributed to an interaction of the underlying malignancy, the effects of therapy, and a possible thrombophilia predisposition. More specifically, recognized risk factors include a very young age and adolescence, non-O blood group, type and site of cancer, inherited thrombophilia, presence of central venous catheter, and type of chemotherapy. TE in children with cancer most commonly occurs in their extremities. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines for the management of thrombotic complications in pediatric oncology patients, TE management follows general recommendations for the management of pediatric TEs. Given the limitations of conventional anticoagulant therapy, direct oral anticoagulants could provide an alternative; however, their safety and efficacy in children with cancer remain to be seen. As for thromboprophylaxis, numerous studies have been conducted, albeit with conflicting results. Although the survival of pediatric oncology patients has significantly improved in recent years, morbidity due to cancer-related TE remains, underlying the need for large multicenter trials investigating both TE management with currently available agents and primary prevention.