Rauf Saeed, Basharat Taiyyibah, Gebeyehu Adane, Elsafy Mohammed, Rahmatov Mahbubjon, Ortiz Rodomiro, Kaya Yalcin
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, 23053 Lomma, Sweden.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Sep 23;13(18):2662. doi: 10.3390/plants13182662.
Sesame seeds and their edible oil are highly nutritious and rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive compounds such as sterols, tocopherols, and sesamol provide significant medicinal benefits. The high oil content (50%) and favorable mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid balance, as well as resilience to water stress, make sesame a promising candidate crop for global agricultural expansion. However, sesame production faces challenges such as low yields, poor response to agricultural inputs, and losses due to capsule dehiscence. To enhance yield, traits like determinate growth, dwarfism, a high harvest index, non-shattering capsules, disease resistance, and photoperiod sensitivity are needed. These traits can be achieved through variation or induced mutation breeding. Crossbreeding methods often result in unwanted genetic changes. The gene editing CRISPR/Cas9 technology has the potential to suppress detrimental alleles and improve the fatty acid profile by inhibiting polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Even though sesame is an orphan crop, it has entered the genomic era, with available sequences assisting molecular breeding efforts. This progress aids in associating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) with key economic traits, as well as identifying genes related to adaptability, oil production, fatty acid synthesis, and photosynthesis. Additionally, transcriptomic research can reveal genes involved in abiotic stress responses and adaptation to diverse climates. The mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) can identify loci linked to key traits such as capsule size, seed count per capsule, and capsule number per plant. This article reviews recent advances in sesame breeding, discusses ongoing challenges, and explores potential strategies for future improvement. Hence, integrating advanced genomic tools and breeding strategies provides promising ways to enhance sesame production to meet global demands.
芝麻及其食用油营养丰富，富含单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸。甾醇、生育酚和芝麻酚等生物活性化合物具有显著的药用价值。高含油量（50%）、良好的单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸平衡以及对水分胁迫的耐受性，使芝麻成为全球农业扩张的有前景的候选作物。然而，芝麻生产面临着产量低、对农业投入反应不佳以及因蒴果开裂造成损失等挑战。为了提高产量，需要有有限生长、矮化、高收获指数、蒴果不裂、抗病性和光周期敏感性等性状。这些性状可以通过变异或诱变育种来实现。杂交方法往往会导致不必要的基因变化。基因编辑CRISPR/Cas9技术有潜力抑制有害等位基因，并通过抑制多不饱和脂肪酸生物合成来改善脂肪酸谱。尽管芝麻是一种小众作物，但它已进入基因组时代，现有序列有助于分子育种工作。这一进展有助于将单核苷酸多态性（SNP）和简单序列重复（SSR）与关键经济性状相关联，以及识别与适应性、油脂生产、脂肪酸合成和光合作用相关的基因。此外，转录组学研究可以揭示参与非生物胁迫反应和适应不同气候的基因。数量性状位点（QTL）图谱可以识别与关键性状如蒴果大小、每蒴种子数和每株蒴果数相关的位点。本文综述了芝麻育种的最新进展，讨论了当前面临的挑战，并探索了未来改进的潜在策略。因此，整合先进的基因组工具和育种策略为提高芝麻产量以满足全球需求提供了有前景的途径。
