Relationships between crayfish population genetic diversity, species richness, and abundance within impounded and unimpounded streams in Alabama, USA.

Understanding the relationship between multi-scale processes driving community- and population-level diversity can guide conservation efforts. While the importance of population-level genetic diversity is widely recognized, it is not always assessed for conservation planning, and positive correlations with community-level diversity are sometimes assumed, such that only the latter is measured. We surveyed species richness and cumulative multispecies abundance of crayfishes in impounded and unimpounded streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains (Alabama, USA). We simultaneously assessed levels of population genetic diversity within two focal crayfishes ( and ) using nuclear (nDNA; inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI)) markers. We then tested for species-genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs), species diversity-abundance correlations (., more individuals hypothesis, MIH), and abundance-genetic diversity correlations (AGDCs) across sites. We also examined the relationship between each of the three different types of correlation (., species richness, cumulative multispecies abundance, and population genetic diversity) and stream habitat characteristics and fragmentation. Surprisingly, based on mtDNA data, sites with the greatest multispecies abundance had the lowest genetic diversity, indicating a negative AGDC. However, no AGDC was evident from nDNA. There was no evidence of SGDCs for based on either of the two genetic data types. For , there was no evidence for SGDC or AGDC. When considering the community-level data only, there was no support for the MIH. Stream width was positively correlated with genetic diversity, but negatively correlated with multispecies abundance. Similarly, species richness was positively correlated with stream width in unimpounded streams but negatively correlated with width in impounded streams. These findings indicate that community-level diversity cannot be indiscriminately used as a proxy for population-level diversity without empirically testing this correlation on the focal group. As such, community- and population-level assessments for multiple crayfish species are needed to better understand drivers of diversity and eco-evolutionary processes which will aid in the conservation of this vulnerable taxonomic group.