Mora-Ortiz Marina, Rivas-García Lorenzo
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Andalucía, 14004, Spain.
GC09-Nutrigenomics and Metabolic Syndrome, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Andalucía, 14004, Spain.
Open Res Eur. 2024 Nov 12;4:164. doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.18026.1. eCollection 2024.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent pregnancy-related medical issue and presents significant risks to both maternal and foetal health, requiring monitoring and management during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM has surged globally in recent years, mirroring the rise in diabetes and obesity rates. Estimated to affect from 5% to 25% of pregnancies, GDM impacts approximately 21 million live births annually, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). However, consensus on diagnostic approaches remains elusive, with varying recommendations from international organizations, which makes the comparison between research complicated. Compounding concerns are the short-term and long-term complications stemming from GDM for mothers and offspring. Maternal outcomes include heightened cardiovascular risks and a notable 70% risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) within a decade postpartum. Despite this, research into the metabolic profiles associated with a previous GDM predisposing women to T2D remains limited. While genetic biomarkers have been identified, indicating the multifaceted nature of GDM involving hormonal changes, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion, there remains a dearth of exploration into the enduring health implications for both mothers and their children. Furthermore, offspring born to mothers with GDM have been shown to face an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome during childhood and adolescence, with studies indicating a heightened risk ranging from 20% to 50%. This comprehensive review aims to critically assess the current landscape of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) research, focusing on its prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and health impacts on mothers and offspring. By examining state-of-the-art knowledge and identifying key knowledge gaps in the scientific literature, this review aims to highlight the multifaceted factors that have hindered a deeper understanding of GDM and its long-term consequences. Ultimately, this scholarly exploration seeks to promote further investigation into this critical area, improving health outcomes for mothers and their children.
妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）是最常见的与妊娠相关的医学问题，对母婴健康构成重大风险，在孕期需要进行监测和管理。近年来，GDM在全球的患病率激增，这与糖尿病和肥胖率的上升相呼应。据国际糖尿病联合会（IDF）估计，GDM影响5%至25%的妊娠，每年约有2100万活产儿受其影响。然而，关于诊断方法的共识仍然难以达成，国际组织的建议各不相同，这使得研究之间的比较变得复杂。GDM给母亲和后代带来的短期和长期并发症也加剧了人们的担忧。母亲的不良结局包括心血管风险增加，以及产后十年内患2型糖尿病（T2DM）的风险显著增加70%。尽管如此，对先前患有GDM的女性易患T2D的代谢特征的研究仍然有限。虽然已经确定了基因生物标志物，表明GDM具有多方面的性质，涉及激素变化、胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌受损，但对于母亲及其子女的持久健康影响仍缺乏探索。此外，患有GDM的母亲所生的后代在儿童期和青少年期肥胖和代谢综合征的风险增加，研究表明风险增加幅度在20%至50%之间。这篇综述旨在批判性地评估妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）研究的现状，重点关注其患病率、诊断挑战以及对母亲和后代的健康影响。通过审视最新知识并识别科学文献中的关键知识空白，本综述旨在突出阻碍对GDM及其长期后果深入理解的多方面因素。最终，这一学术探索旨在促进对这一关键领域的进一步研究，改善母亲及其子女的健康结局。
