Large-Scale Hollow-Core 3D Printing: Variable Cross-Section and Printing Features for Lightweight Plastic Elements.

Hollow-core 3D printing (HC3DP) proposes a new method for the production of lightweight, material-efficient thermoplastic 3D printed elements. This new fabrication approach promises material savings of 50-80%, while increasing the extrusion rate significantly (factor 10). This development pushes HC3DP to a similar fabrication speed as high-resolution concrete 3D printing. However, fundamental research on printing features enabled by this novel 3D printing approach is missing. Therefore, this article investigates printing with user-controlled bead dimensions (same nozzle, different size). It is showcased that the size of the extruded cross-section is determined by the positive air pressure used to inflate the beads. Multiple samples are printed, changing the layer height and width significantly without making changes to the hardware setup. Sections of 3DP samples are analyzed and the parameters of 3DP beads are determined. Furthermore, a set of bespoke 3D printed nozzles is introduced to subdivide the HC3DP beads into distinct areas. So far only regular beads, such as hollow tubes, have been used for 3D printing. Samples of those bespoke sections are analyzed to investigate their behavior when used for 3D printing. Finally, large-scale 3D printing experiments are conducted to investigate how printing features like bridging, cantilevering, or nonplanar 3D printing can be manufactured with hollow extrusion beads. In summary, this article provides insights into the fundamental 3D printing behaviors of HC3DP, showcases new design possibilities with bespoke and variable cross-sections, and finally proposes new research trajectories based on the findings presented.