Targeting insulin resistance: myricetin and isorhamnetin from , and luteolin from enhance glucose uptake and AMPK signaling in HepG2 cells.

This study examined five plants () for their potential to address insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. assays showed that leaves and flowers inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase while enhancing glucose uptake in normal and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Phytochemical screening and SPE purification identified the key constituents responsible for the effects. The chromatographic and spectral analysis confirmed flavonoids in (myricetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and catechin) and (luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin). Myricetin, isorhamnetin, and luteolin significantly increased glucose uptake, enhanced hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities, and promoted IRec and IRS-1 phosphorylation, modulating insulin signalling. They activated AMPK and Akt, with molecular docking confirming strong AMPK binding. These findings suggest that , , and their flavonoids are promising candidates for managing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, warranting further research.