Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Nov;370:122516. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122516. Epub 2024 Oct 4.
Ecosystem services (ESs) are essential for human well-being and are relevant to the region's sustainable development. Most studies have emphasized the importance of high ecosystem services areas for entire regions. However, some locations with particular contributions to a region's ecosystem services are still overlooked. Using the InVEST model, this study analyzed three ESs: annual water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), and soil conservation (SC) in the farmland of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China (HHHP) from 2005 to 2019. Combining climate regulation (NDVI) and food production (FP), this research calculated the city level of the diversity of ecosystem services supply (alpha-multifunctionality) and the unique contribution to the region in each city (beta-multifunctionality) from 2005 to 2019. The alpha-multifunctionality combines the number of ecosystem services and their supplies of ecosystem services. At the same time, the beta-multifunctionality assesses the average dissimilarity between the city and all other cities within that region. Furthermore, this study used Spearman correlation and self-organizing map (SOM) to analyze the relationships between these five ecosystem services and identify ecosystem service bundles. Finally, this study used random forests to analyze drivers of ecosystem service multifunctionality. Our results showed that food production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain increased significantly by 37.20% over time, annual water yield decreased significantly by 29.59%, and climate regulation decreased significantly by 6.09%. This may be because the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain mainly shifted from monoculture to crop rotation, and the increase in crops required more irrigation, which led to a significant decline in water yield. Furthermore, the area of grain crops in the HHHP was reduced in 2019 compared to 2005, which explains the significant decline in climate regulation. SOM found that cities with a higher beta-multifunctionality were mainly concentrated in the northern and southwest parts of HHHP. Bundles with a high alpha-multifunctionality were mainly in the southern and southeast parts of the HHHP. In addition, this research showed that farmers' per capita disposable income was the most important driver of ecosystem service multifunctionality, followed by annual average precipitation and temperature. In conclusion, this study suggests that policymakers should strengthen the protection of some high ecological value but low economic value farmlands, which are crucial for regional ecological security. Meanwhile, policymakers should introduce strict ecological protection policies for farmland to reduce the decline of ecological services caused by farmers' pursuit of economic income.
生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services，ESs）对人类福祉至关重要，与区域可持续发展息息相关。大多数研究都强调了高生态系统服务区域对整个区域的重要性。然而，一些对区域生态系统服务有特殊贡献的地点仍被忽视。本研究使用 InVEST 模型，分析了 2005 年至 2019 年中国黄淮海平原农田的三种生态系统服务：年径流量（WY）、碳储量（CS）和土壤保持（SC）。结合气候调节（NDVI）和粮食生产（FP），本研究计算了 2005 年至 2019 年每个城市的生态系统服务供应多样性（alpha 多功能性）和对该区域的独特贡献（beta 多功能性）。alpha 多功能性结合了生态系统服务的数量及其生态系统服务的供应。同时，beta 多功能性评估了城市与该区域内所有其他城市之间的平均差异。此外，本研究还使用 Spearman 相关性和自组织映射（SOM）分析了这五种生态系统服务之间的关系，并确定了生态系统服务束。最后，本研究使用随机森林分析了生态系统服务多功能性的驱动因素。我们的研究结果表明，2005 年至 2019 年间，黄淮海平原的粮食产量显著增加了 37.20%，年径流量显著减少了 29.59%，气候调节显著减少了 6.09%。这可能是因为黄淮海平原主要从单一栽培转变为轮作，作物的增加需要更多的灌溉，导致径流量显著减少。此外，2019 年黄淮海平原的粮食作物面积比 2005 年减少，这解释了气候调节的显著下降。SOM 发现，beta 多功能性较高的城市主要集中在黄淮海平原的北部和西南部。alpha 多功能性较高的束主要集中在黄淮海平原的南部和东南部。此外，本研究表明，农民人均可支配收入是影响生态系统服务多功能性的最重要驱动因素，其次是年平均降水量和温度。总之，本研究表明，政策制定者应加强对一些高生态价值但经济价值低的农田的保护，这些农田对区域生态安全至关重要。同时，政策制定者应针对农田引入严格的生态保护政策，以减少农民追求经济收入而导致的生态服务下降。
