Venoms of Lepidoptera: Evolution, Composition, and Molecular Modes of Action.

Animal venoms are a focus of research due to the hazards they represent and to their relationship to evolution and ecology, pharmacology, biodiscovery, and biotechnology. Venoms have evolved multiple times in Lepidoptera, mostly as defensive adaptations that protect the larval life stages. While venoms are always produced in structures derived from cuticle and setae, they are diverse in their composition and bioactivity, reflecting their multiple evolutionary origins. The most common result of envenomation by lepidopterans is pain and inflammation, but envenomation by some species causes fatal hemorrhagic syndromes or chronic inflammatory conditions in humans or veterinary pathologies such as equine amnionitis and fetal loss. The handful of lepidopteran venom toxins that have been characterized includes coagulotoxins from (Saturniidae) and pain-causing cecropin-like peptides from (Limacodidae). However, our knowledge of lepidopteran venoms remains comparatively poor, with further studies required to yield a clear picture of the evolution, composition, and function of venoms produced by Lepidoptera.