Regional disparities and technological approaches in heavy metal remediation: A comprehensive analysis of soil contamination in Asia.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in Asia have significantly increased heavy metal emissions, leading to severe challenges in soil contamination. This review critically examines the diverse sources of heavy metal pollution, regional disparities in contamination levels, and various remediation strategies across Asia. The connections between pollution sources and the resulting heavy metal contamination are explored, with a focus on individual assessments of pollution status in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia. These assessments consider human, geographical, policy, and economic factors. The advantages and limitations of physical, chemical, and biological remediation techniques, as well as their combined applications, are analyzed. Additionally, the importance of regulatory measures, sustainable practices, and public awareness is emphasized for ensuring the long-term health and sustainability of Asian soils. This review aims to contribute to the sustainable development of Asian soils by providing region-specific strategies for the effective remediation of heavy metal contamination.