The cumulative impact of clinical risk on brain networks and associations with executive function impairments in adolescents with congenital heart disease.

Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) demonstrate altered structural brain network connectivity. However, there is large variability between reported results and little information is available to identify those patients at highest risk for brain alterations. Thus, we aimed to investigate if network connectivity measures were associated with the individual patient's cumulative load of clinical risk factors and with family-environmental factors in a cohort of adolescents with CHD. Further, we investigated associations with executive function impairments. In 53 adolescents with CHD who underwent open-heart surgery during infancy, and 75 healthy controls, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological assessment was conducted at a mean age of 13.2 ± 1.3 years. Structural connectomes were constructed using constrained spherical deconvolution tractography. Graph theory and network-based statistics were applied to investigate network connectivity measures. A cumulative clinical risk (CCR) score was built by summing up binary risk factors (neonatal, cardiac, neurologic) based on clinically relevant thresholds. The role of family-environmental factors (parental education, parental mental health, and family function) was investigated. An age-adjusted executive function summary score was built from nine neuropsychological tests. While network integration and segregation were preserved in adolescents with CHD, they showed lower edge strength in a dense subnetwork. A higher CCR score was associated with lower network segregation, edge strength, and executive function performance. Edge strength was particularly reduced in a subnetwork including inter-frontal and fronto-parietal-thalamic connections. There was no association with family-environmental factors. Poorer executive functioning was associated with lower network integration and segregation. We demonstrated evidence for alterations of network connectivity strength in adolescents with CHD - particularly in those patients who face a cumulative exposure to multiple clinical risk factors over time. Quantifying the cumulative load of risk early in life may help to better predict trajectories of brain development in order to identify and support the most vulnerable patients as early as possible.