Polyoxometalates@Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis Strategies, Nanostructure Modulation and Application in Biomass Conversion.

Biomass is a rich and renewable source of carbon, and its rational and effective utilization is important for achieving green and sustainable carbon neutrality. POMs@MOFs composites have outstanding catalytic advantages in biomass catalysis due to their abundant and adjustable catalytic active sites as well as excellent acid catalytic activity. This review covers the current development of POMs@MOFs composites in biomass catalysis. Firstly, the current mainstream synthesis strategies of POMs@MOFs, including one-step in situ synthesis methods as well as post-loading methods, are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are analyzed. In addition, the nanostructure modulation strategies of POMs@MOFs composites, including the design of geometrical structures, the selection of active sites and the modulation of surface properties, are highlighted. For the biomass valorization over POMs@MOFs composites, the application in the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived polysaccharides, monosaccharides, furan compounds, organic acids, ketones, and esters acids is highlighted. Finally, the future prospects and challenges for the development of POMs@MOFs composites in biomass catalysis are presented.