The Moral Brain: a Neuropsychiatric Perspective on Moral Behavior and Motivation.

This review explores the interplay between neurobiological, psychological, and social factors that underpin moral behavior and motivation. Integrating insights from neuropsychiatry, it examines the roles of key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, in shaping moral reasoning and ethical decision-making. The historical evolution of moral motivation theories, from ancient philosophy to modern psychological and neurobiological perspectives, provides a foundation for understanding intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, emotional influences, and the impact of social norms and cultural contexts. The review also addresses the effects of psychiatric disorders on moral behavior, highlighting how conditions like antisocial personality disorder, frontotemporal dementia, and schizophrenia can lead to moral deficits. By presenting a multidisciplinary approach, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of moral motivation and behavior, emphasizing the importance of fostering ethical conduct and addressing moral challenges in clinical, educational, and societal settings.