Selective adsorption of cationic dye by κ-carrageenan-potato starch bio-hydrogel: Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies.

An eco-friendly κ-carrageenan/potato starch bio-hydrogel is designed for the efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The incorporation of potato starch was successfully confirmed through XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analysis, while TGA highlighted the hydrogel's thermal stability. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated excellent MB removal efficiency, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 116.1 mg/g under optimal conditions (initial dye concentration: 100 mg/L, contact time: 180 min, temperature: 20 °C, adsorbent dosage: 1.6 g/L, and pH: 11). FT-IR analysis indicated that electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding primarily govern the adsorption process. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous. A key feature of this bio hydrogel is its selective affinity for the cationic dye MB, in a mixture with Acid Orange (AO) and other cationic dyes (Rhodamine B (Rh B) and crystal violet (CV)). The adsorbent also demonstrated impressive reusability, maintaining 93 % of its efficiency after five cycles, highlighting its potential for sustainable and cost-effective water treatment.