Bacterial cell size modulation along the growth curve across nutrient conditions.

Under stable growth conditions, bacteria maintain cell size homeostasis through coordinated elongation and division. However, fluctuations in nutrient availability result in dynamic regulation of the target cell size. Using microscopy imaging and mathematical modelling, we examine how bacterial cell volume changes over the growth curve in response to nutrient conditions. We find that two rod-shaped bacteria, and , exhibit similar cell volume distributions in stationary phase cultures irrespective of growth media. Cell resuspension in rich media results in a transient peak with a five-fold increase in cell volume ≈ 2h after resuspension. This maximum cell volume, which depends on nutrient composition, subsequently decreases to the stationary phase cell size. Continuous nutrient supply sustains the maximum volume. In poor nutrient conditions, cell volume shows minimal changes over the growth curve, but a markedly decreased cell width compared to other conditions. The observed cell volume dynamics translate into non-monotonic dynamics in the ratio between biomass (optical density) and cell number (colony-forming units), highlighting their non-linear relationship. Our findings support a heuristic model comparing modulation of cell division relative to growth across nutrient conditions and providing novel insight into the mechanisms of cell size control under dynamic environmental conditions.