Wu Zhen, Ma Jiewen, Zhang Zhijun, Hu Bin, Liu Jiani, Li Yaqi, Gong Min, Xing Youmei, Fang Weihua, Yin Yunjian, Wang Guojie
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311228, China.
Langmuir. 2024 Oct 22;40(42):22222-22229. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02768. Epub 2024 Oct 10.
Low-foaming nonionic gemini surfactants have a wide range of applications in industrial cleaning and photoresist development. In this study, three low-foaming nonionic gemini surfactants (S1, S2, and S3) with different poly(oxyethylene) chain lengths have been synthesized by using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and 2,5-di--pentylhydroquinone. The chemical structures of the novel surfactants are confirmed by H NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and their properties such as surface tension, wetting properties, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties are investigated. The surface tension values of S1, S2, and S3 at the critical micelle concentration are 40.29, 37.14, and 41.64 mN/m, exhibiting good surface activity. When the surfactant concentration is higher than 2 mM, the contact angles of S1 and S2 no longer change and can maintain 62 and 64°, showing good wetting properties. In addition, S3 can keep an emulsion state for 2 months at high concentrations, exhibiting good emulsion stability. Furthermore, all the prepared surfactants show good low-foaming properties. The initial foaming volumes of S1 are very low, less than 0.1 mL at various concentrations, less than 2% of the conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. For S2, the initial foaming volumes at the concentration of 0.1, 1, 2, and 3 g/L are 1, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.45 mL, respectively. For S3, the initial foaming volumes show a general trend of increasing with concentration. The surfactants with longer poly(oxyethylene) chains possess more initial foaming volumes at the same concentration, which is because the greater cohesion between the surfactant molecules can increase the elasticity of the bubble film. Our study enriches the design rationales for low-foaming surfactants and motivates researchers to develop more advanced surfactants for industrial cleaning and photoresist development.
低泡非离子双子表面活性剂在工业清洗和光刻胶显影方面有广泛应用。在本研究中，通过使用甲氧基聚乙二醇和2,5-二戊基对苯二酚合成了三种具有不同聚（氧乙烯）链长度的低泡非离子双子表面活性剂（S1、S2和S3）。通过核磁共振氢谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）确定了新型表面活性剂的化学结构，并研究了它们的表面张力、润湿性、乳化性和发泡性等性质。S1、S2和S3在临界胶束浓度下的表面张力值分别为40.29、37.14和41.64 mN/m，表现出良好的表面活性。当表面活性剂浓度高于2 mM时，S1和S2的接触角不再变化，可保持在62°和64°，显示出良好的润湿性。此外，S3在高浓度下可保持乳液状态2个月，表现出良好的乳液稳定性。此外，所有制备的表面活性剂都表现出良好的低泡性能。S1的初始发泡体积非常低，在各种浓度下均小于0.1 mL，不到传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠的2%。对于S2，在0.1、1、2和3 g/L浓度下的初始发泡体积分别为1、0.5、0.55和0.45 mL。对于S3，初始发泡体积总体上呈现随浓度增加的趋势。在相同浓度下，聚（氧乙烯）链较长的表面活性剂具有更多的初始发泡体积，这是因为表面活性剂分子之间更大的内聚力可以增加气泡膜的弹性。我们的研究丰富了低泡表面活性剂的设计原理，并促使研究人员开发更先进的表面活性剂用于工业清洗和光刻胶显影。
