Factors shaping pelagic-benthic coupling in the process of settlement in an Arctic fjord.

Benthic organisms typically possess a planktonic propagule stage in the form of larvae or spores, which enables them to spread over large distances before settlement, and promotes tight pelago-benthic coupling. However, factors driving dispersal and epibenthos recruitment in shallow hard-bottom Arctic communities are poorly known. We therefore conducted a year-round in situ colonization experiment in Isfjorden (Svalbard), and found out that variation in early-stage epibenthic assemblages was explained by the combination of: abiotic (45.9%) and biotic variables (23.9%), and their interactions (30.2%). The upward-facing experimental plates were dominated by coralline algae, and this is the first study showing that at high latitudes coralline algae Lithothamnion sp. settle in high numbers on available substrates during the polar night in winter. The downward-facing plates, which had much less exposure to light, contained more diverse organisms, with a predominance of polychaetas and bryozoans. However, in summer, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides outcompeted all the other recruits, as a result of massive occurrence of meroplanktonic Cirripedia larvae, triggered by the phytoplankton bloom. In conclusion, the rate and success of epibenthic settlements were dependent mostly on light availability and temperature, suggesting that larval settlement will be impacted by global warming with some taxa benefitting, while others losing.