Recovery of mining and agri-food wastes in fired materials: a case study of the Moroccan industry.

The linear economy follows the "take-make-dispose" model and generates huge amounts of waste without consideration for recycling or reuse. This model which deals with raw materials puts pressure on natural resources and creates a serious environmental impact. In a circular economy, the "reduce-reuse-recycle" model is applied to recycle waste into resources and reduce the impact on the environment and society. This work aims to highlight the significance of implementing a circular economy approach in the construction sector by merging two different production lines, notably mining activity and agri-food industry. The investigation presents sustainable management of coal mine waste (CMW) and olive pomace (OP) in the production of eco-friendly fired materials and introduces an innovative approach for manufacturing lightweight fired bricks. Microstructural, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties were determined to evaluate the technological quality of fired materials at 900 °C. As a pore-forming agent, adding 10 wt% OP yielded specimens with a bulk density of 1552 kg/m3, water absorption of 19.80%, apparent porosity of 29.61%, loss on ignition of 26.98%, and compressive strength of 7.08 MPa, satisfying standards for clay masonry units. Simultaneously, it enhances the thermal insulation by reducing thermal conductivity by 18% compared to the control sample with CMW. In this regard, the transition to a greener construction sector necessitates the immediate implementation of a circular economy approach to developing eco-friendly building materials by recovering large amounts of industrial waste, limiting the overuse of natural resources (e.g., clays), and improving the engineering properties of the final product.