Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Saúde Pública E Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade Em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Nov;31(51):60880-60894. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-35287-2. Epub 2024 Oct 12.
Slaughterhouse wastewater represents important convergence and concentration points for antimicrobial residues, bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), which can promote antimicrobial resistance propagation in different environmental compartments. This study reports the assessment of the metaplasmidome-associated resistome in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treated by biological processes, employing metagenomic sequencing. Antimicrobial residues from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that treats poultry slaughterhouse influents and effluents were investigated through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Residues from the macrolide, sulfonamide, and fluoroquinolone classes were detected, the latter two persisting after the wastewater treatment. The genetic markers 16S rRNA rrs (bacterial community) and uidA (Escherichia coli) were investigated by RT-qPCR and the sul1 and int1 genes by qPCR. After treatment, the 16S rRNA rrs, uidA, sul1, and int1 markers exhibited reductions of 0.67, 1.07, 1.28, and 0.79 genes copies, respectively, with no statistical significance (p > 0.05). The plasmidome-focused metagenomics sequences (MiSeq platform (Illumina®)) revealed more than 100 ARG in the WWTP influent, which can potentially confer resistance to 14 pharmacological classes relevant in the human and veterinary clinical contexts, in which the qnr gene (resistance to fluoroquinolones) was the most prevalent. Only 7.8% of ARG were reduced after wastewater treatment, and the remaining 92.2% were associated with an increase in the prevalence of ARG linked to multidrug efflux pumps, substrate-specific for certain classes of antibiotics, or broad resistance to multiple medications. These data demonstrate that wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses plays a crucial role as an ARG reservoir and in the spread of AMR into the environment.
屠宰废水是抗生素残留、细菌和抗生素耐药基因（ARG）的重要汇集和浓缩点，这可能会促进不同环境介质中抗生素耐药性的传播。本研究通过宏基因组测序报告了经生物处理过程处理的家禽屠宰废水中原生动物体相关耐药组的评估。通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）检测了处理家禽屠宰厂进水和出水的废水处理厂（WWTP）中的抗生素残留。检测到了大环内酯类、磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类的残留，其中后两者在废水处理后仍然存在。通过 RT-qPCR 检测了 16S rRNA rrs（细菌群落）和 uidA（大肠杆菌）的遗传标记，通过 qPCR 检测了 sul1 和 int1 基因。处理后，16S rRNA rrs、uidA、sul1 和 int1 标记的基因拷贝数分别减少了 0.67、1.07、1.28 和 0.79，无统计学意义（p>0.05）。以质粒体为重点的宏基因组序列（MiSeq 平台（Illumina®））显示 WWTP 进水口有 100 多种 ARG，这些 ARG 可能对抗生素耐药性具有潜在的影响，这些抗生素在人类和兽医临床环境中与 14 个药理学类别相关，其中 qnr 基因（对氟喹诺酮类的耐药性）最为普遍。废水处理后，只有 7.8%的 ARG 减少，其余 92.2%的 ARG 与多药外排泵相关的 ARG 流行率增加、对某些类别的抗生素具有特定底物的耐药性或对多种药物的广泛耐药性有关。这些数据表明，来自家禽屠宰场的废水是 ARG 库的关键组成部分，也是抗生素耐药性向环境传播的关键因素。
