Moroz E L, Gmoshinskiy V I, Shchepin O N, Novozhilov Yu K
Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.
Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
Dokl Biol Sci. 2024 Dec;519(1):356-369. doi: 10.1134/S0012496624701242. Epub 2024 Oct 11.
Myxomycetes are amoeboid fungus-like organisms (Amoebozoa) with a unique life cycle characterized by a great morphological diversity of fruiting bodies. Due to the similarity of these structures to the fruiting bodies of some representatives of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, myxomycetes have been classified as fungi since the first known scientific description in 1654. Only in the 19th century, when their life cycle was studied, did the difference of this group from fungi become clear. During the same period, microscopic structures of fruiting bodies, as well as ornamentation of the spore surface, began to be considered as diagnostic features. Due to this, in the period from the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century, a rather stable system was formed. However, as further studies have shown, both macro- and micromorphological characters are often quite variable, depend on environmental conditions, and often result from convergent evolution, which causes difficulties in defining species and taxonomic units of higher ranks. Since the first decade of the 21st century, due to the development of molecular genetic methods and the accumulation of data on nucleotide sequences of marker genes together with the improvement of microscopic studies, it has been possible to obtain data on the evolutionary relationships of different groups of myxomycetes. A milestone in this process was the publication of the first phylogenetic system of myxomycetes in 2019. This work was the starting point for a number of studies on the relationships between different groups of myxomycetes at a lower taxonomic level. Thus, there has been a surge in the number of studies that bring us closer to constructing a natural system.
黏菌是类似变形虫的真菌类生物（变形虫门），具有独特的生命周期，其特点是子实体的形态多样性极大。由于这些结构与子囊菌门和担子菌门某些代表的子实体相似，自1654年首次有科学描述以来，黏菌就被归类为真菌。直到19世纪，当它们的生命周期被研究时，这个类群与真菌的差异才变得清晰。在同一时期，子实体的微观结构以及孢子表面的纹饰开始被视为诊断特征。因此，在19世纪末到20世纪中叶这段时间，形成了一个相当稳定的分类系统。然而，进一步的研究表明，宏观和微观形态特征往往变化很大，取决于环境条件，并且常常是趋同进化的结果，这给定义物种和更高分类等级的分类单元带来了困难。自21世纪的第一个十年以来，由于分子遗传学方法的发展以及标记基因核苷酸序列数据的积累，再加上显微镜研究的改进，已经能够获得关于不同黏菌类群进化关系的数据。这一过程中的一个里程碑是2019年第一个黏菌系统发育分类系统的发表。这项工作是许多关于较低分类水平上不同黏菌类群之间关系研究的起点。因此，使我们更接近构建自然分类系统的研究数量激增。
