Arsenic and Chromium Induced Toxicity on Zebrafish Kidney: Mixture Effects on Oxidative Stress and Involvement of Nrf2-Keap1-ARE, DNA Repair, and Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathways.

In polluted water, cooccurrences of two carcinogens, arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr), are extensively reported. Individual effects of these heavy metals have been reported in kidney of fishes, but underlying molecular mechanisms are not well established. There is no report on combined exposure of As and Cr in kidney. Thus, the present study investigated and compared individual and combined effects of As and Cr on zebrafish (Danio rerio) kidney treating at their environmentally relevant concentrations for 15, 30, and 60 days. Increased ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, GSH level, and decreased catalase activity implied oxidative stress in treated zebrafish kidney. Damage in histoarchitecture in treated groups was also noticed. The current study involved gene expression study of Nrf2, an important transcription factor of cellular stress responses along with its negative regulator Keap1 and downstream antioxidant genes nqo1 and ho1. Results indicated activation of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway after combined exposure. Expression pattern of ogg1, apex1, polb, and creb1 revealed the inhibition of base excision repair pathway in treatments. mRNA expression of tumor suppressor genes p53 and brca2 was also altered. Expressional alteration in bax, bcl2, caspase9, and caspase 3 indicated apoptosis (intrinsic pathway) induction, which was maximum in combined group. Inhibition of DNA repair and induction of apoptosis indicated that the activated antioxidant system was not enough to overcome the damage caused by As and Cr. Overall, this study revealed additive effects of As and Cr in zebrafish kidney after chronic exposure focusing cellular antioxidant and DNA damage responses.