NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024 Oct 23;16(42):57580-57595. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c14043. Epub 2024 Oct 15.
In recent years, optical temperature probes operating in the second near-infrared (BW-II) and third near-infrared (BW-III) biological windows have garnered significant attention in the scientific community. For biological applications these probes offer distinct advantages, including enhanced tissue penetration depth, minimal autofluorescence, and a remarkable improvement in imaging sensitivity and spatial resolution. Moving toward theranostic applications, there is a growing demand for the development of materials that integrate both BW-II and BW-III thermometry systems with drug delivery functionalities. In this study, we concentrate on the development of GdPO materials, utilizing both hard and sacrificial template routes to synthesize (hollow) GdPO porous sea urchin-like particles. We first investigated the development of a Boltzmann-type thermometer utilizing an Yb-Er upconversion system, designed to operate within the physiological temperature range. Our exploration extends to the potential of GdPO particles in near-infrared (NIR) thermometry, spanning the first, second, and third biological windows with systems like Yb-Ho-Er, Nd-Yb, and Ho-Yb, respectively. We further examined the temperature impact of the Yb-Ho-Er system on the NIR emission within a biologically relevant setting, using a phantom that replicates biological tissue. Furthermore, we illustrate the successful loading of these materials with doxorubicin (DOX·HCl), a model anticancer drug, showing these particles exhibit pH-dependent DOX release. This demonstrates the versatility of these materials as upconversion and NIR thermometers while simultaneously serving as an on-demand drug carrier. The investigation involves assessing their cytotoxicity on specific human cells (Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts (NHDFs)), to determine their viability for potential use in biological applications. The study also investigates how effectively loading the particles with DOX enables targeted delivery to a cellular model of lymphoma (Jurkat E6-1), resulting in cell death. This comprehensive analysis highlights the promising potential of GdPO particles for medical applications.
近年来，在第二近红外（BW-II）和第三近红外（BW-III）生物窗口中工作的光学温度探头在科学界引起了极大的关注。对于生物应用，这些探头具有明显的优势，包括增强的组织穿透深度、最小的自发荧光以及成像灵敏度和空间分辨率的显著提高。随着向治疗应用的发展，对开发将 BW-II 和 BW-III 测温系统与药物输送功能集成的材料的需求日益增长。在这项研究中，我们专注于 GdPO 材料的开发，利用硬模板和牺牲模板两种途径合成（中空）GdPO 多孔海胆状粒子。我们首先研究了利用 Yb-Er 上转换系统开发玻尔兹曼型温度计的问题，该温度计旨在在生理温度范围内运行。我们的探索扩展到 GdPO 粒子在近红外（NIR）测温中的潜力，分别使用 Yb-Ho-Er、Nd-Yb 和 Ho-Yb 等系统覆盖第一、第二和第三生物窗口。我们进一步研究了 Yb-Ho-Er 系统在生物相关环境中对 NIR 发射的温度影响，使用模拟生物组织的体模。此外，我们说明了这些材料成功加载了阿霉素（DOX·HCl），一种模型抗癌药物，表明这些粒子表现出 pH 依赖性 DOX 释放。这证明了这些材料作为上转换和 NIR 温度计的多功能性，同时也作为按需药物载体。该研究包括评估它们对特定人类细胞（正常人类皮肤成纤维细胞（NHDFs））的细胞毒性，以确定它们在生物应用中的可行性。该研究还调查了粒子有效加载 DOX 的能力如何使淋巴瘤（Jurkat E6-1）细胞模型的靶向输送成为可能，从而导致细胞死亡。这项综合分析突显了 GdPO 粒子在医学应用中的有前途的潜力。
