Enhancing weathered slope stability assessment through the integration of slake durability index, elastic modulus of knocking ball, and electrical resistivity tomography.

This research assesses the stability of sedimentary rock slopes in Teloi, Sik, Kedah, by focusing on the mechanical properties of the rock layers and their susceptibility to weathering. Key tests include the slake durability index (SDI), elastic modulus of knocking ball (Ekb), and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The incorporation of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data through the virtual reality platform facilitates the visualization of subsurface conditions. The variability of strength characteristic of interbedded sedimentary rocks leads to the differential weathering of rock layers, which causes deterioration on the slope structure. The testing revealed significant variability in rock strength, with sandstone displaying higher durability (Id > 17.1%) and elasticity (Ekb: 0.97 to 29.31 GPa) compared to shale and siltstone, which exhibited lower durability and elasticity (Id < 2.2%, Ekb: 0.2 to 2.2 GPa). Utilizing the Wenner array setup, three distinct electrical resistivity lines were established to evaluate subsurface anomalies. The ERT profiles revealed variations in electrical resistivity among different rock types, identifying areas of weaker material, which are siltstone and shale, while high resistivity areas indicate sandstone. Kinematic analysis through the stereonet process revealed direct toppling as the primary failure mechanism, driven by the critical orientations of joint sets J1, J2, and J3. This aligns with on-site observations of hanging sandstone blocks prone to toppling failure. The findings of this research show that the slake durability index (SDI) and the elastic modulus of the knocking ball (Ekb) enhance the assessment of mechanical properties and weathering resistance of interbedded sedimentary rocks. The virtual reality platform was particularly helpful in analyzing and visualizing the sub-surface conditions and enhancing the evaluation of complex geological data. As a conclusion, this integrated method was helpful in the comprehensive geotechnical evaluation of the slopes, enabling the selection of effective stabilization measures by assessing the differential weathering of interbedded sedimentary rock and identifying potential failure zones.