Králik Milan, Koóš Peter, Markovič Martin, Lopatka Pavol
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Molecules. 2024 Sep 29;29(19):4623. doi: 10.3390/molecules29194623.
This overview provides insights into organic and metal-organic polymer (OMOP) catalysts aimed at processes carried out in the liquid phase. Various types of polymers are discussed, including vinyl (various functional poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) and perfluorinated functionalized hydrocarbons, e.g., Nafion), condensation (polyesters, -amides, -anilines, -imides), and additional (polyurethanes, and polyureas, polybenzimidazoles, polyporphyrins), prepared from organometal monomers. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and their composites represent a significant class of OMOP catalysts. Following this, the preparation, characterization, and application of dispersed metal catalysts are discussed. Key catalytic processes such as alkylation-used in large-scale applications like the production of alkyl--butyl ether and bisphenol A-as well as reduction, oxidation, and other reactions, are highlighted. The versatile properties of COFs and MOFs, including well-defined nanometer-scale pores, large surface areas, and excellent chemisorption capabilities, make them highly promising for chemical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic applications. Particular emphasis is placed on their potential for CO treatment. However, a notable drawback of COF- and MOF-based catalysts is their relatively low stability in both alkaline and acidic environments, as well as their high cost. A special part is devoted to deactivation and the disposal of the used/deactivated catalysts, emphasizing the importance of separating heavy metals from catalysts. The conclusion provides guidance on selecting and developing OMOP-based catalysts.
本综述深入探讨了用于液相过程的有机和金属有机聚合物（OMOP）催化剂。文中讨论了各种类型的聚合物，包括乙烯基聚合物（各种功能性聚（苯乙烯 - 二乙烯基苯）和全氟官能化烃，如Nafion）、缩合聚合物（聚酯、聚酰胺、聚苯胺、聚酰亚胺）以及其他聚合物（聚氨酯、聚脲、聚苯并咪唑、聚卟啉），这些聚合物由有机金属单体制备而成。共价有机框架（COF）、金属有机框架（MOF）及其复合材料是一类重要的OMOP催化剂。接下来，讨论了分散金属催化剂的制备、表征及应用。重点介绍了关键催化过程，如在大规模应用（如生产烷基叔丁基醚和双酚A）中使用的烷基化反应，以及还原、氧化和其他反应。COF和MOF具有多种特性，包括明确的纳米级孔隙、大表面积和优异的化学吸附能力，这使其在化学、电化学和光催化应用中极具潜力。特别强调了它们在CO处理方面的潜力。然而，基于COF和MOF的催化剂存在一个显著缺点，即在碱性和酸性环境中稳定性相对较低，且成本较高。文中专门有一部分内容讨论了用过的/失活催化剂的失活和处置问题，强调了从催化剂中分离重金属的重要性。结论部分为选择和开发基于OMOP的催化剂提供了指导。
