The recent substantial increase in the incidence of stroke cases has resulted in high medical expenses. Stroke necessitates ongoing care, emphasizing the importance of consistent self-management. The occurrence of stroke impacts healthcare costs and has far-reaching effects on social services, encompassing disability, unemployment, and other related concerns beyond individuals and families. This study aimed to assess the impact of mobile health literacy, stroke-related health knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy on self-care behaviors of patients with stroke to plan tailored self-care interventions for this patient population. This descriptive survey included 99 stroke patients from three hospitals, which provided treatment equivalent to or better than general hospitals, in City C and was conducted between 7 July 2023 and 30 May 2024. The data collected from hospitalized stroke patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent -tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. The self-care behavior of patients with stroke who participated in the study was 73.01 ± 12.24 points. Stroke self-efficacy was identified as a significant factor influencing stroke self-care behaviors and eating habits. Mobile health literacy and stroke self-efficacy also influenced medication and self-care behavior, whereas hypertension and stroke self-efficacy affected lifestyle self-care behaviors. Strengthening stroke self-efficacy, improving mobile health literacy, and addressing comorbidities such as hypertension are important for promoting self-care behavior in stroke patients.