Role of ENPP1 in cancer pathogenesis: Mechanisms and clinical implications (Review).

Cancer is a significant societal, public health and economic challenge in the 21st century, and is the primary cause of death from disease globally. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) serves a crucial role in several biochemical processes, including adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis, purine metabolism and regulation of signaling pathways. Specifically, ENPP1, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein and key member of the ENPP family, may be upregulated in tumor cells and implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple human cancers. The present review provides an overview of the structural, pathological and physiological roles of ENPP1 and discusses the potential mechanisms of ENPP1 in the development of cancers such as breast, colon, gallbladder, liver and lung cancers, and also summarizes the four major signaling pathways in tumors. Furthermore, the present review demonstrates that ENPP1 serves a crucial role in cell migration, proliferation and invasion, and that corresponding inhibitors have been developed and associated with clinical characterization.