Heljanko Viivi, Karama Musafiri, Kymäläinen Amanda, Kurittu Paula, Johansson Venla, Tiwari Ananda, Nyirenda Matteo, Malahlela Mogaugedi, Heikinheimo Annamari
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Veterinary Public Health Section, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Front Vet Sci. 2024 Oct 3;11:1444957. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1444957. eCollection 2024.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global One Health challenge that causes increased mortality and a high financial burden. Animal production contributes to AMR, as more than half of antimicrobials are used in food-producing animals globally. There is a growing body of literature on AMR in food-producing animals in African countries, but the surveillance practices across countries vary considerably. This pilot study aims to explore the potential of wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) of AMR and its extension to the veterinary field. Floor drainage swab ( = 18, 3/abattoir) and wastewater ( = 16, 2-3/abattoir) samples were collected from six South African abattoirs that handle various animal species, including cattle, sheep, pig, and poultry. The samples were tested for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant (VRE), and by using selective culturing and MALDI-TOF MS identification. The phenotype of all presumptive ESBL-producing ( = 60) and ( = 24) isolates was confirmed with a disk diffusion test, and a subset (15 and 6 isolates, respectively), were further characterized by whole-genome sequencing. In total, 314 isolates (0-12 isolates/sample) withstood MALDI-TOF MS, from which 37 species were identified, and among the most abundant. Most ( = 48/60; 80%) and all isolates were recovered from the floor drainage samples, while 21 presumptive carbapenem-resistant spp. isolates were isolated equally from floor drainage and wastewater samples. MRSA, VRE, or were not found. All characterized and isolates represented ESBL-phenotype. Genomic analyses revealed multiple sequence types (ST) of ( = 10) and ( = 5), including STs associated with food-producing animals globally, such as ST48 and ST10 and ST101. Common beta-lactamases linked to food-producing animals, such as and , were detected. The presence of food-production-animal-associated ESBL-gene-carrying and in an abattoir environment and wastewater indicates the potential of WES in the surveillance of AMR in food-producing animals. Furthermore, the results of this pilot study encourage studying the topic further with refined methodologies.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是一项重大的全球“同一个健康”挑战，它导致死亡率上升和高额经济负担。动物生产会导致AMR，因为全球超过一半的抗菌药物用于食用动物。关于非洲国家食用动物中AMR的文献越来越多，但各国的监测做法差异很大。这项试点研究旨在探索废水和环境监测（WES）在AMR监测方面的潜力及其在兽医领域的扩展。从南非六个处理包括牛、羊、猪和家禽等各种动物的屠宰场采集了地面排水拭子样本（n = 18，每个屠宰场3份）和废水样本（n = 16，每个屠宰场2 - 3份）。通过选择性培养和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI - TOF MS）鉴定对样本进行了超广谱β - 内酰胺酶（ESBL）和产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）检测。所有疑似产ESBL（n = 60）和（n = 24）分离株的表型通过纸片扩散试验进行确认，并且分别对一个子集（15株和6株）进行全基因组测序以进一步表征。总共314株分离株（每个样本0 - 12株）通过了MALDI - TOF MS鉴定，从中鉴定出37个菌种，其中最为常见。大多数（n = 48/60；80%）和所有分离株是从地面排水样本中分离出来的，而21株疑似耐碳青霉烯类的菌种分离株在地面排水和废水样本中的分离比例相同。未发现MRSA、VRE或。所有已表征的和分离株均表现出ESBL表型。基因组分析揭示了（n = 10）和（n = 5）的多种序列类型（ST），包括与全球食用动物相关的ST，如ST48和ST10以及ST101。检测到了与食用动物相关的常见β - 内酰胺酶，如和。在屠宰场环境和废水中存在携带与食用动物相关ESBL基因的和表明WES在食用动物AMR监测方面具有潜力。此外，这项试点研究的结果鼓励用更精细的方法进一步研究该主题。
