Morphological characterization, molecular identification, and metabolic profiles of two novel isolated bamboo mushrooms (Phallus sp.) from Thailand.

The well-characterized edible and medicinal bamboo mushroom is Phallus indusiatus, a Chinese bamboo mushroom with long white indusium (skirt). To date, scientists have found more than five species of bamboo mushrooms in Thailand, containing bamboo mushrooms with long white, short white, and several colored skirts. Still, most of them are unidentified species and lack metabolic profile data. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the species of the long white-skirt Chinese bamboo mushroom-like (CH-isolate) and short white-skirt (TH-isolate) bamboo mushrooms isolated from a local farm in northern Thailand. External morphology and molecular identification were used to identify the species. Nutritional and metabolic studies were conducted to determine the nutrients and metabolites from both isolates. Our morphological and evolutionary phylogenetic analyses suggested that CH- and TH-isolates were different species. Interestingly, the CH-isolate, which has a similar morphology to P. indusiatus, clearly demonstrated the difference in species. In addition, the nutritional and metabolomic analysis revealed that CH- and TH-isolate contain different nutritional constituents and metabolic profiles. Our study reports the two new species of bamboo mushrooms that were suspected to be found in Thailand and their metabolic profiles that could be beneficially used in further studies. However, definitive confirmation of the novel species will be made in the future.