Catching the Big Fish in Big Data: A Meta-Analysis of Zebrafish Kidney scRNA-Seq Datasets Highlights Conserved Molecular Profiles of Macrophages and Neutrophils in Vertebrates.

The innate immune system (IIS) is an ancient and essential defense mechanism that protects animals against a wide range of pathogens and diseases. Although extensively studied in mammals, our understanding of the IIS in other taxa remains limited. The zebrafish () serves as a promising model organism for investigating IIS-related processes, yet the immunogenetics of fish are not fully elucidated. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets from zebrafish kidney marrow, encompassing approximately 250,000 immune cells. Our analysis confirms the presence of key genetic pathways in zebrafish innate immune cells that are similar to those identified in mammals. Zebrafish macrophages specifically express genes encoding cathepsins, major histocompatibility complex class II proteins, integral membrane proteins, and the V-ATPase complex and demonstrate the enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation ferroptosis processes. Neutrophils are characterized by the significant expression of genes encoding actins, cytoskeleton organizing proteins, the Arp2/3 complex, and glycolysis enzymes and have demonstrated their involvement in GnRH and CLR signaling pathways, adherents, and tight junctions. Both macrophages and neutrophils highly express genes of NOD-like receptors, phagosomes, and lysosome pathways and genes involved in apoptosis. Our findings reinforce the idea about the existence of a wide spectrum of immune cell phenotypes in fish since we found only a small number of cells with clear pro- or anti-inflammatory signatures.