Casali Lucio, Stella Giulia Maria
Unit of Respiratory Diseases, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Children (Basel). 2024 Sep 27;11(10):1175. doi: 10.3390/children11101175.
The role of the respiratory microbiome has been deeply explored for at least two decades. Its characterization using modern methods is now well-defined, and the impacts of many microorganisms on health and diseases have been elucidated. Moreover, the acquired knowledge in related fields enables patient stratification based on their risk for disease onset, and the microbiome can play a role in defining possible phenotypes. The interplay between the lung and gut microbiomes is crucial in determining the microbial composition and immuno-inflammatory reaction. Asthma is still not a well-defined condition, where hyperreactivity and the immune system play important roles. In this disease, the microbiome is mostly represented by , , and , while and viruses are the most prevalent viruses. A mycobiome may also be present. The passage from infancy to adolescence is examined by evaluating both the clinical picture and its relationship with possible variations of the microbiome and its effects on asthma. Otherwise, asthma is considered a heterogeneous disease that often starts in childhood and follows a particular personalized track, where adolescence plays a pivotal role in future prognosis. Under this point of view, the microbiota, with its possible variations due to many factors, both internal and external, can modify its composition; consequently, its inflammatory action and role in the immunological response has obvious consequences on the clinical conditions.
呼吸微生物群的作用至少已经深入研究了二十年。目前，使用现代方法对其特征进行的描述已明确，并且许多微生物对健康和疾病的影响也已阐明。此外，相关领域已掌握的知识能够根据疾病发病风险对患者进行分层，微生物群在确定可能的表型方面可以发挥作用。肺微生物群和肠道微生物群之间的相互作用对于确定微生物组成和免疫炎症反应至关重要。哮喘仍然不是一种定义明确的病症，其中高反应性和免疫系统起着重要作用。在这种疾病中，微生物群主要由 、 和 代表，而 和 病毒是最常见的病毒。也可能存在真菌微生物群。通过评估临床表现及其与微生物群可能变化的关系以及其对哮喘的影响，来研究从婴儿期到青春期的转变。否则，哮喘被认为是一种异质性疾病，通常始于儿童期并遵循特定的个性化轨迹，其中青春期在未来预后中起关键作用。从这个角度来看，微生物群由于许多内部和外部因素可能发生变化，从而改变其组成；因此，其炎症作用以及在免疫反应中的作用对临床状况具有明显影响。
