Elawadi Gaber A
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Jazan University, 114 Almarefah Rd., Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Oct 21;17(20):5130. doi: 10.3390/ma17205130.
Water desalination technology has emerged as a critical area of research, particularly with the advent of more cost-effective alternatives to conventional methods, such as reverse osmosis and thermal evaporation. Given the vital importance of water for life and the scarcity of potable water for agriculture and livestock-especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-the capacitive deionization (CDI) method for removing salt from water has been highlighted as the most economical choice compared to other techniques. CDI applies a voltage difference across two porous electrodes to extract salt ions from saline water. This study will investigate water desalination using CDI, utilizing a compact DC power source under 5 volts and a standard current of 2 amperes. We will convert waste materials like sunflower seeds, peanut shells, and rice husks into activated carbon through carbonization and chemical activation to improve its pore structure. Critical parameters for desalination, including voltage, flow rate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, have been established. The initial TDS levels are set at 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 ppm, with flow rates of 38.2, 16.8, and 9.5 mL/min across the different voltage settings of 2.5, 2, and 1.5 volts, applicable to both direct and inverse desalination methods. The efficiency at TDS concentrations of 2000, 1500, and 1000 ppm remains between 18% and 20% for up to 8 min. Our results indicate that the desalination process operates effectively at a TDS level of 750 ppm, achieving a maximum efficiency of 45% at a flow rate of 9.5 mL/min. At voltages of 2.5 V, 2 V, and 1.5 V, efficiencies at 3 min are attained with a constant flow rate of 9.5 mL/min and a TDS of 500 ppm, with the maximum desalination efficiency reaching 56%.
海水淡化技术已成为一个关键的研究领域，特别是随着比传统方法（如反渗透和热蒸发）更具成本效益的替代方法的出现。鉴于水对生命的至关重要性以及农业和畜牧业可用淡水的稀缺性——尤其是在沙特阿拉伯王国——与其他技术相比，用于从水中去除盐分的电容去离子化（CDI）方法被视为最经济的选择。CDI在两个多孔电极之间施加电压差以从盐水中提取盐离子。本研究将调查使用CDI进行海水淡化的情况，采用低于5伏的紧凑型直流电源和2安培的标准电流。我们将通过碳化和化学活化将向日葵籽、花生壳和稻壳等废料转化为活性炭，以改善其孔隙结构。已经确定了海水淡化的关键参数，包括电压、流速和总溶解固体（TDS）浓度。初始TDS水平设定为2000、1500、1000和500 ppm，在2.5、2和1.5伏的不同电压设置下，流速分别为38.2、16.8和9.5 mL/分钟，适用于直接和反向海水淡化方法。在高达8分钟的时间内，TDS浓度为2000、1500和1000 ppm时的效率保持在18%至20%之间。我们的结果表明，海水淡化过程在TDS水平为750 ppm时有效运行，在流速为9.5 mL/分钟时达到最高效率45%。在2.5 V、2 V和1.5 V的电压下，在流速恒定为9.5 mL/分钟且TDS为500 ppm的情况下，3分钟时达到效率，最大海水淡化效率达到56%。
