Khan Javed Ahamad, Ahmad Iqbal, Gill Rubina, Husain Fohad Mabood, Albalawi Thamer, Alam Pravej, Kenea Tilahun, Gizaw Oda, Neyaz Leena A, Elbanna Khaled, Abulreesh Hussein H
Department of Natural Resource Management, Bedele Campus, Mattu University, Mettu, Ethiopia.
Department of Agriculture Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2025 Aug;22(8):540-550. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2024.0076. Epub 2024 Oct 28.
Milk, a nutritious global important food commodity, serves as an excellent medium for microbial growth as well. The foodborne pathogen is a commensal member of human microflora that enters the food chain through poor hygienic practices and cross contamination and causes various clinical manifestations in humans. During this study, raw milk and swab samples (milker's hand, udder, towel, milking bucket, and farm floor) were collected from four middle-scale buffalo dairy farms. The results revealed presence in 11.6% ( = 56/448) bucket raw milk samples and 2.6% ( = 12/448) udder raw milk samples. Contrarily, prevalence was significantly higher in farm floors (100%, = 84/84), towel (35.7%, = 10/28), milking bucket (11.6%, = 56/448), milker's hand (10.7%, = 3/28), and udder swab samples (4.0%, = 18/448). The chi-square test yielded values of 0.000, 0.005, and 0.0011 for udder raw milk, udder swab, and milker's hand swab, respectively. The values of the milking bucket ( = 0.048) and farm floors ( = 0.0183) confirmed their possible role in cross contamination. Gene amplifications of nuclease and enterotoxin A indicate potential virulence of isolates in collected samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance in 44% ( = 239) of isolates with the highest resistance of 61% against penicillin. Resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, and lincomycin was observed. Fewer isolates were resistant to kanamycin and erythromycin, whereas the lowest number of resistant isolates was observed against chloramphenicol. A high prevalence of in the farm environment and milking equipment suggested the cross contamination of potentially enterotoxin-producing and multidrug-resistant to raw milk. Therefore, good hygiene practices should be enforced to avoid foodborne and zoonotic infections.
牛奶是一种营养丰富的全球重要食品商品，也是微生物生长的良好培养基。食源性病原体是人类微生物群的共生成员，通过不良卫生习惯和交叉污染进入食物链，并在人类中引起各种临床表现。在本研究中，从四个中型水牛奶牛场采集了生牛奶和拭子样本（挤奶工的手、乳房、毛巾、挤奶桶和农场地面）。结果显示，11.6%（=56/448）的桶中生鲜乳样本和2.6%（=12/448）的乳房生鲜乳样本中存在该病原体。相反，在农场地面（100%，=84/84）、毛巾（35.7%，=10/28）、挤奶桶（11.6%，=56/448）、挤奶工的手（10.7%，=3/28）和乳房拭子样本（4.0%，=18/448）中的检出率显著更高。卡方检验得出乳房生鲜乳、乳房拭子和挤奶工手拭子的P值分别为0.000、0.005和0.0011。挤奶桶（P=0.048）和农场地面（P=0.0183）的P值证实了它们在交叉污染中的可能作用。核酸酶和肠毒素A的基因扩增表明所采集样本中分离株具有潜在毒力。抗生素敏感性测试显示，44%（=239）的分离株具有多重耐药性，对青霉素的耐药率最高，为61%。观察到对氨苄青霉素、链霉素和林可霉素的耐药性。较少的分离株对卡那霉素和红霉素耐药，而对氯霉素耐药的分离株数量最少。该病原体在农场环境和挤奶设备中的高流行率表明，潜在产肠毒素和多重耐药的该病原体可交叉污染生牛奶。因此，应加强良好的卫生习惯，以避免食源性和人畜共患感染。
